简述加拿大小实体声明

2021-10-15

  文/北京集佳知识产权代理有限公司 王静宇

  

  根据加拿大专利法实施细则第44款的规定,符合小实体定义的申请人提交小实体声明可以享受小实体官费减免政策。

  加拿大专利法实施细则第44(2)款对小实体状态进行了定义,法条原文如下:

  Sub-section 44(2) of the Canadian Patent Rules

  (2) The small entity status condition is that

  (a)in respect of an application for a patent — other than a PCT national phase application or a divisional application — the applicant of the application on the filing date is, on that date, an entity that has 50 employees or less or is a university, other than

  (i) an entity that is controlled directly or indirectly by an entity, other than a university, that has more than 50 employees, or

  (ii) an entity that has transferred or licensed, or has an obligation other than a contingent obligation to transfer or license, any right or interest in a claimed invention to an entity, other than a university, that has more than 50 employees;

  (b)in respect of an international application, the applicant of the application on the national phase entry date is, on that date, an entity that has 50 employees or less or is a university, other than an entity referred to in subparagraph (a)(i) or (ii); and

  (c)in respect of a divisional application, the applicable requirements of this subsection are met in respect of the original application

  根据该条款描述的内容可知,加拿大专利申请中小实体状态是指

  a)对于非PCT国家阶段申请和非分案申请而言,专利申请的申请人应在提交日当日企业的雇员数应不多于50人(包含50人)或者是一个大学,但是前述申请人应不属于以下两种情况:

  (i)该实体被非小实体的企业或者非大学的企业直接地或间接地控制;

  (ii)该实体已经转让或许可、或者有义务(非潜在可能的义务)转让或许可本发明专利所主张的任何权利或利益给非小实体的企业或者非大学的企业。

  b)对于PCT国家阶段申请而言,专利申请的申请人应在进入国家阶段当日企业的雇员数应不多于50人(包含50人)或者是一个大学,但是前述申请人应不属于(a)(i)和(ii)中所述的两种情况。

  c)对于分案申请而言,小实体状态应同母案申请保持一致。

  加拿大专利法实施细则第44(3)款对小实体声明的要求进行了规定,法条原文如下:

  Sub-section 44(2) of the Canadian Patent Rules

  (3) A small entity declaration must

  (a) be filed with the Commissioner in a document other than the abstract, the specification or the drawings of the application on the basis of which the patent was granted, that identifies the patent to which the declaration relates;

  (b) contain a statement that the patentee believes that the small entity status condition set out in subsection (2) is met in respect of the patent;

  (c) be signed by a patent agent appointed in respect of that patent or by

  (i) if there is a single patentee, the patentee,

  (ii) if there is a single patentee and a document authorizing a foreign practitioner to sign a small entity declaration is signed by the patentee and submitted to the Commissioner at the same time as the declaration, that foreign practitioner,

  (iii) if there are joint patentees, any one of the patentees, or

  (iv) if there are joint patentees and a document authorizing a foreign practitioner to sign a small entity declaration is signed by any one of the patentees and submitted to the Commissioner at the same time as the declaration, that foreign practitioner; and

  (d)indicate the name of the patentee and, if applicable, the name of the patent agent or the foreign practitioner signing the declaration.

  根据该条款描述的内容可知,加拿大专利申请中申请人需要提交小实体声明,该声明的具体要求如下:

  (1)若要求享受小实体折扣,申请人应除申请文件外提交一份小实体声明;

  (2)在小实体声明中,申请人应声明其认为本企业的实体状态满足专利法实施细则中所述的小实体状态;

  (3)小实体声明应进行签署,签署人可以是本专利的专利代理人或者专利权人(若为共同专利权人,则为任何一位)或者专利权人(若为共同专利权人,则为任何一位)授权的外国执业人员;

  (4)小实体声明上应写明专利权人的名称、或签署该声明的专利代理人姓名或者获得授权的外国执业人员的姓名。

  对于上述两项条款而言,加拿大专利法实施细则第44(2)款对于“直接地或间接地控制”以及“有义务(非潜在可能的义务)”并没有准确的定义,因此对于申请人来说,并不能很好地把握什么样的情况下属于直接地或间接地被大实体企业控制,是控股公司?还是子公司?有义务转让和许可,指的是有双方有协议约定还是别的原因。这些都有待商榷,而目前实践中也没有很好的指引。加拿大专利法实施细则第44(3)款的规定是要求在签署小实体声明时,必须要列明签署人的身份和姓名,且必须有专利申请人的授权。另外,细则规定中并没有规定提交小实体声明的期限,且提交小实体声明后才能享受小实体折扣,若在提交小实体声明时已经按照大实体标准缴纳的官费,那么该笔官费是不能返还的。

  和美国不同,加拿大的小实体状态是在提交申请时(对于PCT进入国家阶段的申请而言,为进入国家阶段时)确立的,一经确立则无需修改,即使在提交分案申请时,也是根据母案申请日时确立的实体状态来缴纳官费。也就是说,即使一家企业在提交加拿大申请时只有20位雇员,但是稍后申请过程中壮大成了500人以上的大企业,那么在缴纳加拿大官费时仍可以按照提交时的小实体状态来缴纳。错误的实体状态声明可能会使最终获得的加拿大专利权被视为无效。加拿大专利申请程序中没有特定程序来纠正和修改加拿大的小实体状态的,这就意味着一旦申请人声明的小实体状态有误,那么就只能基于审查员的自由裁量权来订正或者修改小实体状态了,而实践中尚没有是否批准订正或修改小实体状态的指引。因此,在申请人无法确认企业是否属于加拿大专利法实施细则中规定的小实体状态时,建议按照大实体标准缴纳官费。 和美国一样,加拿大的小实体官费折扣率也是50%,另外,加拿大没有更低的微小实体折扣。鉴于加拿大小实体状态在申请后不易订正和修改,且加拿大官费本身就不高,减免的费用实际上也不多,签署并递交小实体声明又将产生一笔额外的当地事务所服务费。因此,提交小实体声明并要求享受小实体折扣,在加拿大专利申请中可能并不划算,还可能承担不必要的风险(因小实体状态有误而使得专利被视为无效),因此在加拿大申请中建议申请人谨慎提交小实体声明。

  加拿大小实体官费与大实体官费标准,对比如下(2022年1月1日起,加拿大官费普降0.2%):

  

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