文/北京集佳知识产权代理有限公司 许冠男
作为《2022年全球创新指数》寄予希望的创新浪潮之一【1】,构建于超级计算、人工智能和自动化基础之上的数字时代创新浪潮在专利保护领域的热度一直不减。然而,该领域的发明创造的可专利性,即计算机实施的发明创造是否属于专利保护的主题,在不同国家的法律体系下存在一定审查差异性。
在代理实务中,代理人需在专利咨询和准备阶段,注意这种差异性,考虑是否存在保护客体问题。由于各国审查标准和尺度各不相同,本文着重讨论在澳大利亚专利法体系下涉及计算机实施的发明创造的可专利性问题。
一、相关法律规定
《澳大利亚专利法1990》(Patents Act 1990 (Cth)【2】)中第十八条对可专利性规定如下:
Under section 18 (1) of an invention is patentable (standard patent【3】) if what it is claimed【4】:
(a) is a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies【5】;
(b) when compared with the prior art base【6】: (i) is novel; and (ii) involves an inventive step; and
(c) is useful; and
(d) was not secretly used in the patent area.【7】
《澳大利亚专利1990》第十八条第一款
如满足以下要求,一项标准专利申请具有可专利性:
(a)是《垄断法》第6条所指的制造方式;
(b)与在该请求优先权日之前存在的现有技术基础相比:(i)新颖;以及 (ii)涉及创造性步骤;
(c)实用性;以及
(d)在该权利要求的优先权日前未被秘密使用的。
虽然澳大利亚专利法中并没有明确规定将“计算机实施的专利”排除在可授予专利权的主题之外,但是在澳大利亚专利局的《实践与程序的专利指南》(下文简称“指南”)中对于“计算机实施的专利”的审查做出了以下解释和指导【8】:
需要注意的是,所要求保护的方法只能在计算环境中实施,并不意味着它就属于一种制造方式。例如,方案不能仅仅因为方案的应用和效用仅限于互联网而成为一种制造方式。同样,将权利要求限制在其他技术环境也可能不会改变所要求的是方案或抽象概念的事实。例如,一种从油井中提取石油的方法A,其特征是计算机实施的算法可以根据客户需求分配泵送资源,即使在概念上与技术活动相关联,但实际上其也是一种方案。相反,一种从油井中提取石油的方法B,其特征是一种计算机实施的算法,该算法使用密度、流量等历史值来调整泵的运行以使其更有效地运行,这样的计算机实施的算法B在本质上可能是一种提取石油的方法而不是一种概念或方案【9】。
通常,计算机实施的发明由功能特征定义,即通过计算机设备执行的操作。使用功能术语限定一项发明并不意味着要求保护的发明不是一种制造方式。这是因为发明需要作为实质问题进行评估,权利要求的形式不会影响这种评估。如果从功能上定义发明的权利要求中的功能可以产生技术效果,则其可能是一种“制造方式”【10】。
当实质上的发明在于计算机以外的技术领域的改进(例如技术问题的技术解决方案)或计算机技术的改进或进步时,这样的改进通常视为符合专利条件,但须符合其他要求。例如,一项针对使用非中文键盘以中文字符组合文本的计算机处理设备的权利要求(CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd【11】)以及通过计算机生成改进的曲线图像(International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents【12】) 已被认定为可授予专利【13】。
该指南特别指出,使用标准或公知常识的计算设备执行的业务交互和交易的各个方面很可能不属于“制造方式”,并提供以下示例以供参考:
1.A method of performing financial transactions, comprising:
receiving, by a processor, location information of a user from a user device;
determining, by the processor, a location of the user based on the location information;
determining, by the processor, whether one or more sellers are within a predetermined distance of the location of the user; and
communicating payment information of a selected seller from the one or more sellers to the user device if the selected seller is within the predetermined distance of the location of the user【14】.
可见,该示例涉及使用移动电话技术进行客户和商家之间的共享交易信息的方法。由于在电子设备上进行电子金融交易,以及在可以确定用户位置的设备上进行这些交易是公知常识。所述 “处理器”和“用户设备”只是执行它们通常独立的功能,没有相关技术的改进操作。权利要求本质上是判断卖家是否在用户的预定距离内,如果卖家在用户的一定距离内,则随后将支付信息传达给用户。因此,权利要求的本质是针对用于确定何时共享信息的纯计算机实施的规则或方案。但是,如果从整个说明书中确定的发明实质与确定位置的方式有关,而且执行该方法的技术是有所改进的,则针对该主题的权利要求很可能是可专利的。由于上述示例权利要求并不包括这种改进,因此其不属于可专利的主题的可能性更大【15】。
总之,“such inventions are only patentable if what is claimed “as a matter of substance” meets the requirements for a manner of manufacture and in particular is not a mere scheme, abstract idea or mere information【16】”,即这类发明创造需要满足“制造方式”的要求并且不仅仅涉及一个方案、抽象的概念或者信息。需要注意的是,由于澳大利亚属于普通法(Common Law)体系,因此尽管在专利法1990中没有对于“制造方式”进行进一步明确地限定,但可以根据判例法(Case Law)来进一步解读, 其也是上述指南中的解释和指导的依据。下面的章节将进一步进行介绍。
二、相关判例
由上述分析可知,对于“计算机实施的专利”可专利性的判断关键在于对于“制造方式”的定义和理解。在实践中,对于“计算机实施的专利” 是否符合“制造方式”的要求一般根据判例来确定。下列判例对于理解澳大利亚专利法关于“计算机实施的专利”的审查标准和尺度较为重要。
1.Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd【17】
The Court (Kenny Bennett and Nicholas JJ) concluded that “computer-implemented inventions” must be assessed to ascertain if it is substantially a scheme or plan or if it can broadly be described as an improvement in computer technology. A business method or mere scheme is not patentable. It does not mean a scheme or business method is excluded from a patentable subject matter. Yet the claimed invention must be more than an abstract idea. The claimed invention needs to have some creations of an artificial state of affairs where the computer is integral to it, rather than a mere tool. If the invention is a computerised business method, computerisation must lie in the invention. It is not patentable if an invention simply uses well-known and understood functions to implement a business method into the computer. Put another way, the invention must solve a technical problem rather than merely implement by the generic computer.【18】
The related claim 1 is as follows:
A method of gathering evidence relevant to an assessment of an individual's competency relative to a recognised qualification standard, including the steps of:
a computer retrieving via the Internet from a remotely-located server a plurality of assessable criteria associated with the recognised qualification standard…;
the computer processing the plurality of assessable criteria to generate automatically a corresponding plurality of questions relating to the competency of an individual to satisfy each of the elements of competency and performance criteria associated with the recognised qualification standard;…【19】
在该案中,法官(Kenny Bennett and Nicholas JJ) 认为对于涉及“计算机实施的发明创造”应该确定其本质是一种方案或策略还是可以在广义上定义为一种对于计算机技术的改进。商业方法和方案是不具有可专利性的。这并不意味着可专利的主题完全排除商业方法和方案,但要求专利保护的发明创造必须不仅仅是一种抽象概念。要求专利保护的发明需要有一些“人为的创造(artificial state of affairs)”,而对于该“创造”的部分,计算机是不可或缺的,而不仅仅作为一种工具。如果要求专利保护的发明是一种计算机化的商业方法,计算机化必须是发明点,而不仅仅是使用计算机的公知、常用功能来实现这个商业方法。即要求专利保护的发明创造必须解决技术问题而不是只是通过计算机来实现。
2.Repipe Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents【20】
The Court (Perram J) found in favour of the commissioner that the claimed “methods and systems for providing and receiving information for risk management in the field” are to solve a problem in the field of business operations (such as management of work, health and safety information) which implemented with generic computer function, that is, not a patentable invention. His Honour also observed that this Court had upheld the patentability of computer-implemented inventions only twice. One case is the curve drawing algorithm in International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents.【21】Another uses an English keyboard to generate Chinese characters in CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd.【22】In both cases, the inventions claimed could broadly be described as an advancement or improvement in computer technology. That is, if the claimed invention is "not directed to any technological problem and the method of implementation does not involve any improvement in computer technology or any unusual or unconventional technical method or effect", the invention was not patentable subject matter【23】.
The related claim 1 is as follows:
A method of providing information for risk management to a user of a personal computing device performing a job in the field, said method comprising:
identifying the user;
selecting a job to be performed by the identified user;
downloading information related to the selected job to the portable device…;
displaying the downloaded information for selection of one or more indicia in the information…;
receiving input to the portable device…; and uploading the input, whereby a record of the input is able to be used in relation to the selected job【24】.
在该案中,法官认为专利申请解决的是商业运营领域的问题,例如工作、健康以及安全信息管理,其使用通用计算机功能来实施,并不属于可专利的发明。如果要求保护的发明“不针对任何技术问题并且实施方法不涉及计算机技术的任何改进或任何不寻常或非常规的技术方法或效果”,则该发明不是可授予专利的主题。
值得注意的是,在该判决书中法官提到对于众多此类案件的审理中,全院仅有两次维持了发明申请的可专利性(即判决书中提及的两个案例,CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd【25】和 International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents【26】),而所述的两个案例所要求保护的发明都属于广义上的对于计算机技术的提升或改进。这也从另一方面说明,澳大利亚对于涉及计算机实施的专利申请的审查标准相对严格,尤其是对于商业方案与计算机的结合,例如涉及管理、税务、娱乐软件系统等。
3.Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents【27】
a.The first joint judgment by Kiefel CJ, Gageler and Keane JJ【28】
Their Honours approved that a computer and computer related technology may be patentable if it is of some concrete, tangible, physical, or observable effect, which can distinguish from "an abstract, intangible situation" or " mere a scheme, an abstract idea, or intellectual information. An artificial state of affairs may also be determined if the claimed invention can broadly be described as an "improvement in computer technology", where the computer is integral to the invention instead of a mere tool for implementation【29】.
b.The second joint judgment by Gordon, Edelman and Steward JJ【30】
Their Honours concluded that a better way of testing whether there is a manner of manufacture within s 6 of the Statute of Monopolies, would be to determine: if it is an abstract idea which is manipulated on a computer; or an abstract idea which is implemented on a computer to produce an artificial state of affairs and a useful result. The artificial state of affairs and useful result may be a physical change in something or an improvement in computer technology. It is sufficient that the artificial state of affairs and useful result are created by "the way in which the method is carried out in the computer". Their Honours then reconfirmed that the invention in CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd【31】is an example of an idea implemented on a computer to produce an artificial state of affairs and a useful result【32】. It should be noted that both judgments affirmed that the correctness of the precedents such as CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd【33】, Research Affiliates LLC v Commissioner of Patents【34】, Encompass Corporation Pty Ltd v InfoTrack Pty Ltd【35】, Commissioner of Patents v Rokt Pte Ltd【36】and Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd【37】.They both held that foreign laws (e.g., the United States) are irrelevant to the question of manner of manufacture in Australia【38】.
The related claim 1 is as follows:
A gaming machine comprising:
a display; a credit input mechanism operable to establish credits on the gaming machine…; meters …;a random number generator; a game play mechanism …; and
a game controller comprising a processor and memory storing (i) game program code, and (ii) symbol data defining reels…,the game controller executing the game program code …:
select a plurality of symbols from a first set of reels defined by the symbol data using the random number generator;
control the display to display the selected ….;
monitor play of the base game and trigger a feature game comprising free games in response to a trigger event occurring in play of the base game,
conduct the free games on the display …, and
when the free games end, make an award of credits to the win meter or the credit meter based on a total of prize values assigned to collected configurable symbols 【39】.
本案涉及专利权人Aristocrat的四项电子游戏机(EGM)革新专利(源于一个母案),在审查阶段,审查员认为上述权利要求的本质是在一基础游戏中选择一些符号显示构成功能游戏。其中仅仅使用计算机、随机数生成器、货币输入机制、屏幕和数据库等常规技术来实现这一方案,并不属于对计算机技术的改进,以第18条1A款为由撤销了所述专利。专利权人一审上诉成功,一审法官认为由于该电子游戏机(EGM)是物理元件和计算机系统的结合,因此并不仅仅是一种方案,属于可专利主题。然而,当Commissioner of Patents将案件上诉到全院(Full Court)后,多数法官认为虽然涉案专利是计算机实施的,但其本质上并不是对计算机技术的改进或者人为创造,因此判定其并不是可专利的主题。最终Aristocrat将案件上诉的高院(High Court)【40】。
高院法官们一致认为,《专利法》第 18 条规定了存在发明的门槛要求,并且根据第 18条 1(a)款评估制造方式是否存在的唯一问题是:是否存在《垄断法》第 6 条定义下的制造方式。但6位法官对上诉人的发明的可专利性存在分歧。根据整个说明书和公知常识,三位法官(Kiefel CJ, Gageler and Keane JJ)驳回上诉,他们参考并解释了涉及计算机实施的发明可专利性的先例之中的判决理由和附加说明,将本发明描述为对新系统或游戏方法的权利要求。它与常识的唯一区别是功能游戏的构思,该这种构思不属于可专利主题【41】。
其余三位法官(Gordon, Edelman and Steward JJ)持相反意见,他们认为可以根据一种“更好的方法”来判断这类申请的可专利性,即确定要求保护的发明创造是一种由计算机操纵的抽象概念,还是一种由计算机实施的抽象概念,但能够产生人为的创造和有用的结果(an artificial state of affairs and a useful result)。根据上述理由,法官们将本发明描述为一个 EGM,包含一个相互依存的玩家界面和一个游戏控制器,其中包括功能游戏和可配置的符号,涉及人为的创造和有用结果。由于高等法院的意见分歧相等,根据相关法规要求(s 23(2)(a) of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth)【42】)维持上诉所针对的决定,因此,上诉方Aristocrat的上诉被驳回,即维持了全院的判决【43】。
由于本案涉及计算机实施发明的可专利性问题,从一审以来就备受业界相关人士关注。高院6位法官以3:3做出的两个不同结论的判决结果给这类申请在澳大利亚的获权和维权之路增添了很大的不确定性。例如,一些业界人士认为该判例将对这类申请的审查以及诉讼造成一定影响,任何领域涉及计算机硬件或软件的专利或易受到“制造方式”的攻击,专利权利人应该研究已授权的专利是否存在这样的缺陷并考虑应对策略【44】。从专利申请的角度来说,申请人及其代理人需要知道在这个领域什么是可专利的,什么是不可专利的【45】。然而,两个结论不同的判决理由并没有使这类申请的审查标准变得清晰,相反变得不太明朗,增加了审查员的主观认知和判断对一项专利申请的“命运”的影响。
三、总结
综上所述,澳大利亚对于“计算机实施的发明创造”审查的大致标准为所保护的发明创造需要广义上具有计算机技术上的改进而并不仅仅利用计算机的通用功能或结构。特别地,对于商业方法与计算机的结合,从判例来看,审查标准相对严格。其要求专利保护的发明需要有一些“人为的创造”,对于该“创造”计算机是不可或缺的,而不仅仅作为一种工具,并且必须解决技术问题而不是只是通过计算机来实现。
然而,根据上述判例可知,对于如何判断专利申请是否实质涉及计算机技术层面上改进,以及何种程度的改进可以被认为是人为的、有用的创造,都存在不确定性。在实操中,代理人可持续关注这类判例的动态,通过学习判例、分析判例理由来理解相关法律条例以及审查标准和尺度,以期在遇到此类申请进入澳大利亚可以进行预判并考虑应对策略。
注释:
【1】《2022年全球创新指数》https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/.
【2】Patents Act 1990 (Cth).
【3】See definition of ‘standard patent in Schedule 1 of Patents Act 1990 (Cth).
【4】Patents Act 1990 (Cth) s 18 (1).
【5】Statute of Monopolies 1623 (IMP) s6; Patents Act 1990 (Cth) s 18(1)(a).
【6】See definition of‘prior art base’in Schedule 1 of Patents Act 1990 (Cth).
【7】See definition of‘patent area’in Schedule 1 of Patents Act 1990 (Cth).
【8】IP Australia, Patent Manual of Practice and Procedure (13 December 2021) s 2.9.2.7 < https://manuals.ipaustralia.gov.au/patent/2.9.2.7-computer-implemented-inventions-schemes-and-business-methods>.
【9】同上
【10】同上
【11】CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd (1994) 51 FCR 260.
【12】International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents (1991) 33 FCR 218.
【13】IP Australia, Patent Manual of Practice and Procedure (13 December 2021) s 2.9.2.7 < https://manuals.ipaustralia.gov.au/patent/2.9.2.7-computer-implemented-inventions-schemes-and-business-methods>.
【14】同上
【15】同上
【16】同上
【17】Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd (2015) 238 FCR 27.
【18】同上
【19】同上
【20】Repipe Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2021] FCAFC 223.
【21】如上International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents.
【22】如上CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd.
【23】如上Repipe Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [9].
【24】同上
【25】如上CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd.
【26】如上International Business Machines Corporation v Commissioner of Patents.
【27】Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2022] HCA 29.
【28】同上
【29】同上.
【30】同上
【31】如上CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd.
【32】如上Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents; Tom Cordiner et al,‘Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents’(Web page, October 2022) < https://commbarmatters.com.au/2022/10/04/aristocrat-technologies-australia-pty-ltd-v-commissioner-of-patents/>.
【33】如上CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd.
【34】Research Affiliates LLC v Commissioner of Patents (2014) 227 FCR 378.
【35】Encompass Corporation Pty Ltd v InfoTrack Pty Ltd (2019) 372 ALR 646.
【36】Commissioner of Patents v Rokt Pte Ltd (2020) 277 FCR 767.
【37】如上Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd.
【38】如上 n(32).
【39】同上
【40】如上n(32); .
【41】同上
【42】Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth).
【43】如上 n(40).
【44】Kent Teague and Rose Jenkins, ‘Legislation needed on patentability of computer-implemented inventions, after High Court divided in rare 3:3 judgment’ (Web page, August 2022) ;Tom n(32).
【45】同上